ODAC News

 

Monday 01 Oct

 

The Oil Depletion Analysis Centre

 

 

The Hedberg Conference

1/   Private industry conference finds much less oil [interview with Ray Leonard on the Hedberg conference]   (Lastoilshock.com, Fri 28 Sep)

 

Norwegian Oil Production – the Snoehvit field and IEA Projections

2/   No oil development at Snoehvit          (The Norway Post, Thu 27 Sep)

 

UK Natural Gas Supplies

3/   Gas supplies rise but lower bills unlikely        (Financial Times, Thu 27 Sep)

 

Russian Gas Imports - Turkmenistan

4/  Turkmenistan plans 50% hike in gas price for Gazprom: report  (Platts, Thu 27 Sep)

 

Economics - UK

5/   Poorest could see mortgage payments shoot up 60% (The Guardian, Fri 28 Sep)

 

Russia – Car Sales Growth

6/   Russia’s Auto Market Ranks 8th in the World (FC Novosti, Fri 28 Sep)

 

Natural Gas supplies - Italy

7/   Italy Warns of Possible Winter Blackouts       (Energy Intelligence [International Oil Daily], Fri 28 Sep)

 

Food - Wheat

8a/  Australia Beef Crisis Hits as Drought Decimates Wheat          (Planet Ark [Reuters], Fri 28 Sep)

8b/  Record [prices] for wheat as crop forecasts shrivel      (Financial Times, Thu 27 Sep)

 

Petrol Prices - Australia

9/   Report warns of petrol chaos (Courier Mail [Australia], Sat 15 Sep)

 

Natural Gas Exports - Iran

10/  Iran to produce 11m tons LNG in 2010           (Press TV, Fri 28 Sep)

 

Coal Prices

11/  Coal prices soar to record over $100  (Reuters, Thu 27 Sep)

 

 

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1/         Private industry conference finds much less oil [podcast from Ray Leonard on the Hedberg conference] (Lastoilshock.com, Fri 28 Sep)

 

http://www.davidstrahan.com/blog/?p=57#more-57            (for podcast, 17 minutes long, see “Listen to the interview with Ray Leonard” near the bottom of the page)

 

Comment:    In November 2006, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists held the ‘Hedberg’ conference. The conference chairman was Richard Nehring. It was, until ASPO-6 two weeks ago, a very unreported event. Prior to ASPO-6, the only information (that ODAC is aware of) in the public domain about Hedberg was a short Oil and Gas Journal article (World oil production to peak in 15-25 years, AAPG told). The details of the conference are below. In his talk at ASPO-6 and in the above podcast, Ray Leonard makes it clear that there were two camps at the conference, in one the US Geological Survey, and in the other pretty much everyone else. When it came to discussing oil reserves, in each of the regions discussed the USGS figures were inflated by up to five times compared to what the industry raw data suggested.

 

For reasons explained in the podcast, we will never know exactly what was said at the conference, and therefore the conclusions of the Hedberg conference will be open to different interpretation by different people. For example, in the O&G Journal article referred to above, it states “When world oil production reaches the peak by 2020-40…”, and yet Ray Leonard’s interpretation from the conference discussions is that global oil production will plateau “before 2020”. Ray Leonard is clearly concerned that a global plateau in global oil production is approaching and we are not prepared.

 

Interestingly, it looks like Richard Nehring will be giving a talk on the same theme as Ray’s at the ASPO-USA conference later this month (Oct 17-20), “Estimating Technologically and Commercially Possible Levels of Future World Oil Production”. Here are a couple of quotes from a recent Richard Nehring PowerPoint presentation: “With medium or high levels of ultimate resources, production could continue increasing to 2030-2040 with the plateau extending to 2060-2070”, and “The 21st Century - not the 20th Century - will be the Age of Oil”. (To be as fair as possible, these are quoted out of the context of the rest of the presentation.) In other words, as much Ray Leonard left the Hedberg conference convinced the presentations indicated a plateau of production before 2020, there remains, and always will remain, sufficient secrecy about the conference that the oil and gas industry can get away with saying this was a minority point of view, and their official position is something like “production could continue increasing to 2030-2040 with the plateau extending to 2060-2070”. In the meantime, the IEA now forecasts an oil crunch by 2012, not a peak or plateau, but demand outstripping supply. You wouldn’t know from the amount of media attention.

 

See also ODAC Press Release:  ASPO Conference Confirms A Peak In Global Oil Production By 2012

 

Article:    (Podcast) A secretive gathering some of the world’s biggest oil companies has concluded the industry will discover far less oil than officially forecast, meaning global oil production may peak much sooner than many expect.

 

The Hedberg Research Conference on Understanding World Oil Resources was held by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in Colorado Springs last November to try to reconcile widely divergent estimates of likely future reserves additions. In an interview with Lastoilshock.com, oil executive Ray Leonard said the majority view was that future oil discovery would amount to some 250 billion barrels, rather than the 650 billion barrels suggested by the United States Geological Survey.

 

The Colorado meeting was attended by technical experts from all the supermajors along with some of the biggest state-owned oil companies such as Saudi Aramco. According to Mr Leonard, a vice president of the recently-formed Kuwait Energy Company, who presented a paper on Russian reserves as the former head of exploration for Yukos, the experts challenged the USGS’s regional assessments on the basis of their companies’ more detailed proprietary data. Mr Leonard says the majority opinion was that reserves growth from current fields might add around another 500 billion barrels, against the USGS estimate of 612 billion, and that non-conventional oil production would reach only 4-5 million barrels per day by 2015, also much lower than the most optimistic predictions.

 

Journalists were barred from the conference to allow open discussion of confidential information, although the Oil & Gas Journal later reported that the meeting had concluded oil production would peak between 2020 and 2040 at 90-100 million barrels per day. But Mr Leonard said that based on the range of numbers accepted by the majority of delegates at the conference, he expects output to plateau in five years’ time. “If there’s a world recession it could be a little longer, if United States invades another oil producing country it may happen a lot sooner. But it’s going to happen in around five years so we need to make some preparations”.

 

The USGS oil resource estimates have long been regarded as wildly optimistic by many peak oil forecasters. Its World Petroleum Assessment published in 2000 implied that the oil industry could discover some 22 billion barrels per year between 1995 and 2025, but in the first quarter of the forecast period discovery has averaged just 9 bn bbls annually. Last month the USGS revised down one of its most controversial regional assessments, when it slashed its estimate of East Greenland’s oil potential from 47 billion barrels to just 9 billion.

 

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2/         No oil development at Snoehvit (The Norway Post, Thu 27 Sep)

 

http://www.norwaypost.no/cgi-bin/norwaypost/imaker?id=103782

 

Comment:    Norway’s oil production is falling like a rock at the moment, not so different from the UK. Snoehvit is Norway’s latest major natural gas field about to come onstream, but although there is oil, Statoil says it cannot be economically extracted. Therefore it will be left in the ground. Last week, a business TV channel recorded here in Aberdeen a program on oil reserves/production. Allegedly the head of exploration for Shell said there were 20 trillion barrels of oil left in the ground waiting to be extracted. The Hedberg conference last November (see item 1) concluded there are about 250 B barrels of conventional oil yet-to-find, plus 200-1000 B barrels from so-called reserves growth, let’s say a round 1 trillion (1000 billion) barrels. Plus 1 trillion or so of existing proved and probable global reserves. So of the ‘20 trillion’, we might expect 18 T to be left in the ground. (The Hedberg conference also estimated about 10 T of non-conventionals, maximum extraction rate = 6 Mb/d = about 2 Bb/year, 20 Bb/decade, 200Bb/century i.e. a fraction of a trillion after a century!).

 

Here is the IEA’s forecast for Norwegian oil production, 2006-2008, taken from the September Oil Market Report:

 

 

Article:    Statoil will cease all work relating to the development of the oil zone at the Snoehvit oil and gas field in the Barents Sea. This has been decided by the Snoehvit partnership.

 

Evaluations undertaken show that such a development would not be economically viable, Statoil states.

An appraisal well was drilled in the Snøhvit structure earlier in the summer. Its purposes included to confirm the presence of oil and the thickness of the oil zone in its western part.

 

According to Statoil, the well confirmed the presence of oil with well data being analysed and evaluated together with other geological information.

 

"These analyses show the presence of oil to be significantly less than we expected to find in this structure," says Geir Pettersen, senior vice president for the Tromsø Patch business cluster.

 

"When this is now evaluated alongside possible development solutions and current costs, it becomes clear that it isn't economically viable to develop and produce oil from the area," Pettersen says.

 

"This decision is final, since the start-up of gas production from Snøhvit shortly will prevent the oil zone being developed at a later stage."

 

The Norwegian government has been informed of the decision.

 

Licensees in the Snøhvit field are Statoil with a 33.53% interest, Petoro (30.00%), Total E&P Norge (18.40%), Gaz de France (12.00%), Hess Norge (3.26%) and RWE Dea with 2.81%.

 

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3/         Gas supplies rise but lower bills unlikely        (Financial Times, Thu 27 Sep)

 

http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5389d6e8-6c82-11dc-a0cf-0000779fd2ac.html

 

Comment:    Appropriate quote from the article that hits the UK gas supplies nail on the head: “Some energy analysts have said that the gas supply situation over the next three years will be as good as it gets”. The problem with most UK gas imports is that they can be diverted elsewhere as stated in the article, unlike the contracts our neighbours on continental Europe have signed with Russia which ‘more or less’ guarantee supplies. As a result, UK gas supplies are anything but secure, as we will likely find out soon enough.

 

Article:    Customers are unlikely to see lower energy bills this winter in spite of the UK’s much improved outlook for gas supply.

 

A forecast by National Grid, published on Wednesday by Ofgem, the energy regulator, says Britain will have access to 546m cubic metres of natural gas per day this winter. This is an increase of 73m cubic metres, or 15 per cent, on last winter.

 

The extra gas will be coming from Norway’s Ormen Lange field, which is due to start supplying via the Langeled pipeline on October 1, and from increased deliveries of liquefied natural gas following the opening of the Dragon import terminal at Milford Haven, south-west Wales, at the end of the year. There will also be more gas storage capacity, with the new facility at Aldbrough in east Yorkshire due to open this winter.

 

These extra supplies will more than make up for a decline in gas production from the UK’s own fields, and mean that the country should be in a much better position than in the winter of 2005-06, when wholesale gas prices hit record highs over fears of gas shortages.

 

However, National Grid warned that uncertainties remained in the UK’s gas supplies. Very cold weather could reduce supplies from continental Europe, and events, like hurricane Katrina in the US, could raise oil and gas prices worldwide and divert deliveries away from the UK.

 

Alistair Buchanan, chief executive of Ofgem, said: “More investment means we have the potential to import and store more gas this winter than last. While this is welcome news, we must not forget that we are vulnerable to fluctuations in global energy prices.”

 

Some energy analysts have said that the gas supply situation over the next three years will be as good as it gets, with supplies falling again after 2010 as the UK’s gas fields start to reach the end of their lives. This means that households are unlikely to see the return of cheap energy bills.

 

Centrica, the owner of British Gas, said last month it would only cut household bills again this year if wholesale gas prices for the winter came down. At the time the forward price was just over 40p a therm, but in the past six weeks prices have risen to more than 45p a therm.

 

The company said on Wednesday that although the gas supply situation had improved, which should have brought down wholesale prices, the market remained on edge because of the US hurricane season and high oil prices.

 

Adam Scorer, director of campaigns at consumer group Energywatch, said: “You’d hope that this positive outlook might provide the assurance for some suppliers to compete again on price. But there is a much greater chance that suppliers will sit tight on their high consumer prices whatever the market conditions, whatever the improved supply outlook, indeed whatever the weather.”

 

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4/         Turkmenistan plans 50% hike in gas price for Gazprom: report  (Platts, Thu 27 Sep)

 

http://www.platts.com/Natural%20Gas/News/8275329.xml?p=Natural%20Gas/News&sub=Natural%20Gas?src=energybulletin

 

Comment:    It should be noted with some irony that as Europe is now severely dependent on Russia for natural gas imports, Russia is now severely dependent on gas imports from Turkmenistan, 50 Bcm/year 2007-2009 (at its maximum, when it was the fourth largest gas producer in the world, the UK produced just over 100 Bcm, so 50 Bcm is a lot). For several years, Russia has been getting Central Asian natural gas at bargain prices (Turkmenistan - $65 / 1,000 cu m in 2006) and re-selling to Europe at about $250 / 1,000 cu m. In the meantime, Russia has raised the price of gas it sells to former Soviet / east European countries up to five-fold, to west European prices. It looks as though Turkmenistan is now in a position to put its foot down and demand a higher price from Russia.

 

Article:    Turkmenistan plans to raise price of natural gas it supplies to Russia next year by 50% to $150/1,000 cubic meters, Russian daily Kommersant reported Thursday.

 

From January 1, the country plans to charge Russia's gas monopoly Gazprom $150/1,000 cu m against the current price of $100/1,000 cu m, Roman Matsuev, owner of Energogaz, told Kommersant, quoting Turkmenistan's deputy prime minister and oil and gas minister Tachberdy Tagiyev.

 

However, Gazprom didn't comment on the report or on any gas price talks.

 

Under an agreement with Turkmenistan in September 2006, Gazprom is supposed to pay $100/1,000 cu m for some 50 Bcm/year of Turkmen gas from 2007 to 2009. The price was revised from $65/1,000 cu m Gazprom paid in 2006.

 

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5/         Poorest could see mortgage payments shoot up 60%       (The Guardian, Fri 28 Sep)

 

http://business.guardian.co.uk/houseprices/story/0,,2179559,00.html

 

Comment:    A good summary of why any forecast suggesting the worst is over for the UK economy/finance and housing sectors is probably rather premature.

 

Article:    Some of Britain's poorest homeowners could see their mortgage costs rise by as much as 60% over coming months as the "credit crunch" feeds through to consumers, a new report has claimed.

 

The respected credit ratings agency Standard & Poor's today warned British mortgage holders who are soon to come off fixed rate mortgages to expect a "payment shock" - particularly if they have a poor credit history, and fall into the so-called sub-prime group.

 

"Borrowers who took out two-year fixed rate mortgages from late 2005 are facing one of the largest payment shocks witnessed since the 1990s, even if they are able to refinance," it said.

 

The problems are expected to hit sub-prime borrowers hardest because the mortgage companies that provide those loans have always been much more reliant on the money markets. As they are forced to pay more, their borrower may find that loans offered two years ago are no longer available, or are prohibitively expensive. Those with perfect credit histories will be less affected, but may still see rates rise, if the market turmoil persists.

 

The Council of Mortgage Lenders (CML) has calculated that around 2m fixed rate mortgages – around 17% of the total UK market – will be ending before the end of 2008.

 

... The report suggests that if the credit crunch continues, sub-prime borrowers could easily see their mortgage costs rise by 26% - which would add an average of £167 to month payments on a £85,000 loan.

 

In the worst case scenario - if the market worsened even further – the report concluded that borrowers with the worst credit histories, who took out cheaper, interest only mortgages could see their mortgage payments rise by as much as 60% - a rate that would undoubtedly force many into substantial arrears.

 

A spokeswoman for CML insisted the payment shock impact will be "manageable" for most borrowers, although she conceded its effects could be considerable for the 5% of mortgage applicants who are considered sub-prime.

 

"Some lenders are putting in place arrangements to ensure that borrowers are alerted early to the likelihood of the increase in payments, as well as ways of helping those in difficulty, such as arrears counselling," she said.

 

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6/         Russia’s Auto Market Ranks 8th in the World            (FC Novosti, Fri 28 Sep)

 

http://www.fcinfo.ru/themes/basic/materials-rfcm-index.asp?folder=3352

 

Comment:    If car numbers increased by 330,000, then the previous total car sales = 1.8m – 330,000 = 1.47m. Brand new car sales are growing at about 10%/year, about 150,000, implying most growth in Russian car sales last year were imported second hand cars. 330,000 is about 18.5% of 1.47m. No wonder the streets of Moscow are chock-a-block. Last week FC Novosti reported that the Russian govt is building about 3000km of new motorway between now and 2010.

 

Article:    Russia’s share of the global auto market, calculated in physical terms, amounted to 1.8mn cars in 2006, used car sales included. The market grew by over 330,000 cars year on year... This year, car sales in Russia are expected to reach 2mn, which could put this country on a level with Europe’s leading markets – Italy, France, Germany and Britain.

 

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7/         Italy Warns of Possible Winter Blackouts       (Energy Intelligence [International Oil Daily], Fri 28 Sep)

 

No link, newsletter.

 

Article:    With Italy's stretched gas system liable to crash under pressure, the country could face power blackouts this winter if the weather is particularly bad, Alessandro Ortis, head of Italy's electricity and gas authority, tells International Oil Daily.

 

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8a/        Australia Beef Crisis Hits as Drought Decimates Wheat     (Planet Ark [Reuters], Fri 28 Sep)

 

http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44567/story.htm

 

Article:    Record high grain prices have thrown Australia's A$4 billion (US$3.5 billion) beef cattle industry into disarray, emptying feedlots, cutting cattle saleyard prices and triggering price rises for domestic and exported beef.

 

The world's biggest beef exporter by value and the second-biggest exporter by volume, parts of Australia's beef industry have begun to shut down after feed grain prices doubled since June because of the decimation of crops by drought.

 

"Supplies of quality beef onto the domestic market and to export markets are going to start reducing quite substantially," said Malcolm Foster, president of the Australian Lotfeeders Association.

 

"It's very bad. There wouldn't be a feedlot making money now," he said. Australia has 700 feedlots.

 

Cattle on feed had already begun to drop off and the industry, now urgently counting numbers around the country, was already in crisis, Foster said.

 

"You will certainly see shortages of quality beef ... And because pasture conditions are impacted by drought, the cattle aren't going to be anything very flash," he said.

 

Beef prices would shoot up until consumers were no longer willing to pay, Foster said. "It's already started," he said.

 

Peter Weeks, chief market analyst at industry representative body Meat & Livestock Australia, sees price rises looming for Australia's big export trade, to Japan and Korea in North Asia, and to the United States.

 

... Feedlots fatten steers before export to lucrative markets overseas, mainly using wheat, barley and sorghum. Prices of all grains have soared as drought decimated crops.

 

...Weeks sees beef supplies falling into the peak export season, between November and January, to pressure supplies to the key north Asian markets of Japan and Korea.

 

... Looming imports of grain -- only the second time Australia has been forced to import wheat since colonial times -- will not assist the cattle industry.

 

Australian quarantine regulations prohibit the transport of unprocessed imported grain beyond metropolitan areas, and a A$40 a tonne processing cost is prohibitively expensive for the cattle industry, Foster said.

 

The last time imports occurred, in 2003, none went upcountry.

 

As crops shrink fast, much of Australia's beef cattle industry would have to close down, Foster said. "And wait it out." (US$1=A$1.14) 

 

 

8b/        Record [prices] for wheat as crop forecasts shrivel            (Financial Times, Thu 27 Sep)

 

http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8292bbc0-6ce7-11dc-ab19-0000779fd2ac.html

 

Article:    Wheat prices hit record levels Thursday while oil prices rose above $81 a barrel amid concerns about possible storm disruptions to production in the Gulf of Mexico.

 

In Chicago, the CBOT December wheat contract rose 18½ cents to $9.35¾ a bushel while the less active March 2008 contract hit $9.42, a record.

 

The International Grains Council [referred to as ICG in rest of article] reduced its forecasts for global and Australian wheat production substantially on Thursday. The ICG cut its global wheat production forecast from 607m tonnes to just 601m tonnes and slashed its estimate for Australian output to 13.5m tons. This is 2m tonnes below the most recent forecast from the Australian government and 9m tonnes lower than last month’s estimate by the ICG.

 

Wheat stocks for the five largest global exporters are forecast to fall to a 34-year low of 25m tonnes.

 

... This year’s US corn harvest will be a record but this has not prevented prices rallying since early August due to the strength of global demand. The ICG raised its estimate for US corn production by 7m tonnes to 337m tonnes, an increase of 69m tonnes, or 25.7 per cent, on last year. The massive increase in US production will help global corn production reach a record 766m tonnes this year, a rise of 10 per cent over last year.

 

Soyabeans soared through the $10 a bushel level with the CBOT November contract up 25 cents to $10.15¾ a bushel after strong weekly US export sales of 745,600 tonnes...

 

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9/         Report warns of petrol chaos     (Courier Mail [Australia], Sat 15 Sep)

 

http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22419825-952,00.html

 

Comment:    As mentioned before, the two English-speaking countries that seem to get much more reports on Peak Oil / oil depletion in the media than elsewhere are Ireland and Australia. This article is from Australia. The article title here is “Report warns of petrol chaos”, and just next to the article is a flashy ad for the Hummer. 93 comments posted. Bruce Robinson from ASPO Australia writes:

 

The Queensland Government's Oil Vulnerability Task Force report has been leaked to the Brisbane newspaper after a delay of 5 months in its release.

 

The Task Force chair, ASPO-Australia patron Andrew MacNamara MP, has just been appointed Queensland Minister for Climate Change and Sustainability.

 

The front-page headline is "Crude Shock".

 

Article:    QUEENSLAND is heading for an oil shock. And it is not a matter of if, but when.

 

As crude oil prices hit a record high yesterday, an as-yet unreleased Queensland Government report warns of massive social dislocation, rising food prices and infrastructure headaches because of rising oil costs.

 

The report on the looming "peak oil" crisis concludes that we will have to re-think the way we live and travel in the next few years as relatively cheap liquid fuels become a thing of the past.

 

"Peak oil" refers to when global output fails to meet demand, a situation the report estimates will occur in the next few years, although some economists believe we are now on the cusp.

 

The report, Queensland's Vulnerability to Rising Oil Prices, comes as crude oil prices pushed through $US80 a barrel for the first time in trading on Thursday night – triple the price of five years ago.

 

The effect already is being felt at the bowser, with petrol in Brisbane yesterday selling for as much as 129.9¢ a litre.

 

The report was prepared by a taskforce of scientists and industry experts, including Queensland's chief geologist John Draper and the Department of Primary Industry's chief scientist Joe Baker, and chaired by the newly appointed Minister for Sustainability Andrew McNamara.

 

Of the three scenarios mapped out for world oil prices by the report, Mr McNamara said we were already in the worst case "high oil price" scenario.

 

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10/        Iran to produce 11m tons LNG in 2010 (Press TV, Fri 28 Sep)

 

http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=24980&sectionid=351020103

 

Comment:    According to the IEA’s Natural Gas Market Review 2007, Iran has 13 gas pipeline export projects, four of which are or soon will be operational (three of which are small volumes, Turkey nominally 10 bcm but this has not been attained due to lack of Iranian gas), all the other projects coming onstream 2012 at the earliest, or not known. There is no shortage of gas reserves in Iran, it is implementing projects that is the problem, and the IEA Review suggests that internal politics is one of the biggest problems. The figures here refer to production of LNG, but are nonetheless optimistic. Iran currently produces just under 100 bcm / year, with growth in consumption running at 9-10% / year since 1990 (IEA’s Natural Gas Market Review 2007). Iran has been a net importer of natural gas since 1997.

 

Article:    Director General of Iran LNG Company Ali Kheirandish has predicted an output rise of 11m tons in 2010 and of 88m tons in 2020.

 

Speaking at the signing ceremony of the 'power plant' and 'electro-compressor' contracts with Mepna Company, he said the output of Iran LNG Co. could be doubled every 4 years without any further investment.

 

"We have pledged to implement the LNG project in December 2010 and to load its first cargo," he said, adding that an output rise of 22m tons in 2014, of 44m tons in 2117 and of 88m tons is expected in 2020.

 

Kheirandish said that if $600-700m is invested annually in the LNG project, its turnover would double in four years, adding that the entire assets invested in the project would be replaced in 30 years.

 

He noted that the project mainly aims to provide a strong substitute for oil exports and that the LNG production capacity depends on the policies of Iran's Oil Ministry.

 

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11/        Coal prices soar to record over $100   (Reuters, Thu 27 Sep)

 

http://africa.reuters.com/business/news/usnBAN758607.html

 

Article:    Physical coal prices for delivery into Europe broke record levels over $100 a tonne on Thursday, as the worldwide rally in energy prices broke through into the opaque and fragmented coal market.

 

Coal prices have been rising all year as availability has progressively tightened. Unfortunately for consumers, freight rates have also repeatedly hit record levels, forcing up the delivered cost of coal.

 

Three Q4 delivery coal cargoes traded on Thursday, one at $102.00 a tonne DES ARA and one at $101.00 DES ARA on the globalCOAL trading platform. A further parcel was sold at $101.00 through brokers, traders said.

 

These were the first visible, on-screen coal trades ever at over $100.00 a tonne. In January, CIF/DES ARA coal prices were around $65.00 a tonne…

 

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